The campaign was first spotted during a February 2025 MDR investigation. Since then, Rapid7 researchers have seen more samples using the same infection method—a multi-layered setup we call the Catena loader.
Catena uses embedded shellcode and configuration switching logic to stage payloads like Winos v4.0 entirely in memory, evading traditional antivirus tools. Once installed, it quietly connects to attacker-controlled servers—mostly hosted in Hong Kong—to receive follow-up instructions or additional malware. While the researchers have seen no signs of widespread targeting, the operation appears focused on Chinese-speaking environments and shows signs of careful, long-term planning by a capable threat group.
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Source: Rapid7
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